3 This resistance, in addition to the war crimes committed by both sides, pushed the Japanese troops to pursue the nationalist forces as they retreated towards the capital. 2 They put up fierce resistance to Japan’s Central China Area Army (Naka-Shina hōmen-gun 中支那方面軍), composed of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army (Shanhai haken-gun 上海派遣軍) and the 10th Army (Daijū gun 第十軍), commanded throughout by General Matsui Iwane 松井石根 (1878–1948). As well as being a crushing defeat for the nationalist forces led by Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 (Jiang Jieshi, 1887–1975), which lost some 250,000 men, it was a decisive element in their later defeat by Communist forces in 1949. The Battle of Shanghai was one of the bloodiest confrontations in the East Asian theatre of World War II, ranking alongside the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945. The final withdrawal of the Chinese came about on 13 November. It followed on from the Battle of Shanghai, which saw forces from the Chinese National Revolutionary Army clash with troops from the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, between 13 August and late October 1937. ![]()
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